RestTemplate
可参考spring实战来写这部分。
RestTemplate免于编写乏味的样板代码,RestTemplate定义了33个与REST资源交互的方法,涵盖了HTTP动作的各种形式,其实这些方法只有11个独立的方法,而每一个方法都由3个重载的变种。
delete():在特定的URL上对资源执行HTTP DELETE操作exchange():在URL上执行特定的HTTP方法,返回包含对象的ResponseEntity,这个对象是从响应体中映射得到的 execute():在URL上执行特定的HTTP方法,返回一个从响应体映射得到的对象 getForEntity():发送一个HTTP GET请求,返回的ResponseEntity包含了响应体所映射成的对象 getForObject():GET资源,返回的请求体将映射为一个对象 headForHeaders():发送HTTP HEAD请求,返回包含特定资源URL的HTTP头 optionsForAllow():发送HTTP OPTIONS请求,返回对特定URL的Allow头信息 postForEntity():POST数据,返回包含一个对象的ResponseEntity,这个对象是从响应体中映射得到 postForLocation():POST数据,返回新资源的URL postForObject():POST数据,返回的请求体将匹配为一个对象 put():PUT资源到特定的URL
除了TRACE,RestTemplate涵盖了所有的HTTP动作。除此之外,execute()和exchange()提供了较低层次的通用方法来使用任意的HTTP方法。
每个方法都以3种方法进行了重载:
一个使用java.net.URI作为URL格式,不支持参数化URL一个使用String作为URL格式,并使用Map指明URL参数一个使用String作为URL格式,并使用可变参数列表指明URL参数
GET资源
有两种执行GET请求的方法:getForObject()和getForEntity()。3个getObject()方法的签名如下:
T getForObject(URI url, Class responseType) throws RestClientException; T getForObject(String url, Class responseType, Object... uriVariables) throws RestClientException; T getForObject(String url, Class responseType, Map uriVariables) throws RestClientException;
类似地,getForEntity()方法的签名如下:
ResponseEntity getForObject(URI url, Class responseType) throws RestClientException; ResponseEntity getForObject(String url, Class responseType, Object... uriVariables) throws RestClientException; ResponseEntity getForObject(String url, Class responseType, Map uriVariables) throws RestClientException;
除了返回类型,getForObject()方法就是getForEntity()方法的镜像。实际上,它们的工作方式大同小异。它们都执行根据URL检索资源的GET请求。它们都将资源根据responseType参数匹配为一定的类型。唯一的区别在于getForObject()只返回所请求类型的对象,而getForEntity()方法会返回请求的对象以及响应的额外信息。
public Spittle[] retrieveSpittlesForSpitter(String username) { return new RestTemplate().getForObject("http://localhost:8080/Spitter/{ spitter}/spittles", Spittle[].class, username); } public Spittle[] retrieveSpittlesForSpitter(String username) { ResponseEntityreponse = new RestTemplate().getForEntity( "http://localhost:8080/Spitter/{ spitter}/spittles", Spittle[].class, username); if(reponse.getStatusCode() == HttpStatus.NOT_MODIFIED) { throw new NotModifiedException(); } return reponse.getBody(); }
PUT资源
void put(URI url, Object request) throws RestClientException;void put(String url, Object request, Object... uriVairables) throws RestClientException; void put(String url, Object request, MapuriVariables) throws RestClientException; public void updateSpittle(Spittle spittle) throws SpitterException { try { String url = "http://localhost:8080/Spitter/spittles/" + spittle.getId(); new RestTemplate().put(new URI(url), spittle); } catch(URISyntaxException e) { throw new SpitterUpdateException("Unable to update Spittle", e); } } public void updateSpittle(Spittle spittle) throws SpitterException { restTemplate.put("http://localhost:8080/Spitter/spittles/{ id}", spittle, spittle.getId()); } public void updateSpittle(Spittle spittle) throws SpitterException { Map params = new HashMap (); params.put("id", spittle.getId()); restTemplate.put("http://localhost:8080/Spitter/spittles/{ id}", spittle, params); }
DELETE资源
void delete(String url, Object... uriVariables) throws RestClientException; void delete(String url, MapuriVariables) throws RestClientException; void delete(URI url) throws RestClientException; public void deleteSpittle(long id) { try { restTemplate.delete(new URI("http://localhost:8080/Spitter/spittles/" + id)); } catch(URISyntaxException e) { } }
POST资源数据
POST请求有postForObject()和postForEntity()两种方法,和GET请求的getForObject()和getForEntity()方法类似。getForLocation()是POST请求所特有的。
T postForObject(URI url, Object request, Class responseType) throws RestClientException; T postForObject(String url, Object request, Class responseType, Object... uriVariables) throws RestClientException; T postForObject(String url, Object request, Class responseType, Map uriVariables) throws RestClientException;
上面三个方法中,第一个参数都是资源要POST到的URL,第二个参数是要发送的对象,而第三个参数是预期返回的Java类型。在URL作为String类型的两个版本中,第四个参数指定了URL变量(要么是可变参数列表,要么是一个Map)。
T postForObject(URI url, Object request, Class responseType) throws RestClientException; T postForObject(String url, Object request, Class responseType, Object... uriVariables) throws RestClientException; T postForObject(String url, Object request, Class responseType, Map uriVariables) throws RestClientException; ResponseEntity response = new RestTemplate().postForEntity("http://localhost:8080/Spitter/spitters", spitter, Spitter.class); Spitter spitter = response.getBody(); URI url = response.getHeaders().getLocation();
postForLacation()会在POST请求的请求体中发送一个资源到服务器端,返回的不再是资源对象,而是创建资源的位置。
URI postForLocation(String url, Object request, Object... uriVariables) throws RestClientException;URI postForLocation(String url, Object request, MapuriVariables) throws RestClientException; URI postForLocation(URI url, Object request) throws RestClientException; public String postSpitter(Spitter spitter) { RestTemplate rest = new RestTemplate(); return rest.postForLocation("http://localhost:8080/Spitter/spitters", spitter).toString(); }
交换资源
exchange方法可以在发送个服务器端的请求中设置头信息。
ResponseEntity exchange(URI url, HttpMethod method, HttpEntity requestEntity, Class responseType) throws RestClientException; ResponseEntity exchange(String url, HttpMethod method, HttpEntity requestEntity, Class responseType, Object... uriVariables) throws RestClientException; ResponseEntity exchange(String url, HttpMethod method, HttpEntity requestEntity, Class responseType, Map uriVariables) throws RestClientException; MultiValueMap headers = new LinkedMultiValueMap (); headers.add("Accept", "application/json"); HttpEntity
Testing REST Services
Spring框架提供了spring-test模块,spring-test模块为JNDI,Servlet和Portlet API提供了一系列的注解,工具类和mock对象。此框架同时也提供了跨测试执行过程的缓存应用上下文功能。为了能够在非Spring Boot工程中使用spring-test模块,你需要包含如下依赖:
org.springframework spring-test 4.1.6.RELEASE test
Spring Boot提供了spring-boot-starter-test,它自动在Boot应用中增加了spring-test模块,同时starter POM也包含了JUnit,Mockito和Hamcrest库:
Mockito是一款流行的mocking框架。它提供了简单的API用于创建和配置mock。Hamcrest是一款为创建matcher提供了强大词汇的框架。matcher允许你将一个对象和期望的执行的结果联系起来。Matcher使得断言更加刻度,同时它们也产生有意义的错误信息,当断言失败时。
为了更好地理解spring-test模块,下面是测试用例:
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)@SpringApplicationConfiguration(classes = QuickPollApplication.class)@WebAppConfigurationpublic class ExampleTest { } @Before public void setup() { } @Test public void testSomeThing() {} @After public void teardown() { }
@RunWith注解用于指定具体测试类,@ContextConfiguration用于为SpringJUnit4ClassRunner指定使用哪个XML配置文件。在上例中,@SpringApplicationConfiguration是提供了附加的Spring Boot特性的特殊的ContextConfiguration版本。@WebAppConfiguration指导Spring创建web应用上下文,即WebApplicationContext。
Unit Testing REST Controllers
Spring的依赖注入使得单元测试变得非常简单。依赖能够轻松用来模拟事先定义好的行为,因此允许我们孤立的测试代码。
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;import static org.mockito.Mockito.times; import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify; import java.util.ArrayList; import com.google.common.collect.Lists; import org.junit.Before; import org.junit.Test; import org.mockito.Mock; import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations; import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus; import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity; import org.springframework.test.util.ReflectionTestUtils; public class PollControllerTestMock { @Mock private PollRepository pollRepository; @Before public void setUp() throws Exception { MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this); } @Test public void testGetAllPolls() { PollController pollController = new PollController(); ReflectionTestUtils.setField(pollController, "pollRepository", pollRepository); when(pollRepository.findAll()).thenReturn(new ArrayList()); ResponseEntity > allPollsEntity = pollController.getAllPolls(); verify(pollRepository, times(1)).findAll(); assertEquals(HttpStatus.OK, allPollsEntity.getStatusCode()); assertEquals(0, Lists.newArrayList(allPollsEntity.getBody()).size()); } }
Spring MVC Test framework Basics
Spring MVC测试框架包含四个重要的类:MockMvc,MockMvcRequestBuilders,MockMvcResultMatchers和MockMvcBuilders。org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc类是Spring MVC测试框架的核心,它能够执行HTTP请求。它只包含了perform方法:
public ResultActions perform(RequestBuilder requestBuilder) throws java.lang.Exception
RequestBuilder提供了创建GET、POST等请求的抽象接口。为了简化请求的构建,Spring MVC框架提供了org.springframework.test.web. servlet.request.MockHttpServletRequestBuilder实现,而且在此类中提供了helper静态方法集合。
post("/test_uri") .param("admin", "false") .accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON) .content("{JSON_DATA}");
上例中post方法用来创建POST请求。MockMvcRequestBuilder也提供了创建get、delete和put等请求的方法。param方法属于MockHttpServletRequestBuilder类,用来为请求增加参数。MockHttpServletRequestBuilder类还提供了accept、content和header等用于向请求增加data和metadata的方法。
perform方法返回org.springframework.test.web.servlet.ResultActions对象,此对象可被用来在响应上执行断言操作。
mockMvc.perform(post("/test_uri")) .andExpect(status().isOk()) .andExpect(content().contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)) .andExpect(content().string("{JSON_DATA}"));
status方法验证响应的状态值。content方法用来杨峥响应体。
MockMvcBuilders类提供了两种方式构建MockMvc对象:
webAppContextSetup:利用已初始化好的WebApplicationContext构建MockMvc。和上下文相关的配置信息会在MockMvc对象创建以前加载完成。这个技术被用于end-to-end测试。standaloneSetup:不用加载任何spring配置构建MockMvc,为测试控制器只加载基本的MVC构件。此技术被用于单元测试。import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.get;import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.content; import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.status; import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.setup.MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup; import org.mockito.InjectMocks; import org.mockito.Mock; import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations; import org.springframework.boot.test.SpringApplicationConfiguration; import org.springframework.mock.web.MockServletContext; import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc; @RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class) @SpringApplicationConfiguration(classes = QuickPollApplication.class) @ContextConfiguration(classes = MockServletContext.class) @WebAppConfiguration public class PollControllerTest { @InjectMocks PollController pollController; @Mock private PollRepository pollRepository; private MockMvc mockMvc; @Before public void setUp() throws Exception { MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this); mockMvc = standaloneSetup(pollController).build(); } @Test public void testGetAllPolls() throws Exception { when(pollRepository.findAll()).thenReturn(new ArrayList()); mockMvc.perform(get("/v1/polls")) .andExpect(status().isOk()) .andExpect(content().string("[]")); } } import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.hasSize; import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.get; import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.jsonPath; import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.status; import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.setup.MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup; import org.springframework.boot.test.SpringApplicationConfiguration; import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner; import org.springframework.test.context.web.WebAppConfiguration; import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc; import org.springframework.web.context.WebApplicationContext; import com.apress.QuickPollApplication; @RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class) @SpringApplicationConfiguration(classes = QuickPollApplication.class) @WebAppConfiguration public class PollControllerIT { @Inject private WebApplicationContext webApplicationContext; private MockMvc mockMvc; @Before public void setup() { mockMvc = webAppContextSetup(webApplicationContext).build(); } @Test public void testGetAllPolls() throws Exception { mockMvc.perform(get("/v1/polls")) .andExpect(status().isOk()) .andExpect(jsonPath("$", hasSize(20))); } }
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